$pathological fracture definition$

$pathological fracture definition$

Radiological analysis of pathologic fractures begins with orthogonal radiographs of the fracture site and the involved bone in its entirety. Pregnancy tests should also be obtained in women of child-bearing age prior to imaging. If Bence-Jones proteins are present, multiple myeloma is likely the diagnosis. If hematuria is present, renal cell or uroepithelial carcinoma should be considered. For example, a urinalysis may provide some insight into the primary pathology. Laboratory abnormalities may exist secondary to malignancy and may elucidate the source of malignancy. Disease-specific markers, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), etc., may also be considered.

$pathological fracture definition$

Laboratory analysis should include a complete blood count, comprehensive metabolic panel (with special attention to serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase), prothrombin/INR, activated partial thromboplastin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urinalysis, urinary protein electrophoresis, and serum protein electrophoresis.

$pathological fracture definition$

When a pathologic fracture is identified through a lesion of unknown origin, a comprehensive workup must be conducted to identify the etiology and stage of the disease.

$pathological fracture definition$

Pathological fracture definition